Diet and prostate cancer
The information on this page comes from our Tool Kit fact sheet on diet and prostate cancer. To order your own tailored copy of the Tool Kit, visit our publications page. You can also download and print a PDF version of this fact sheet.
This page is for men who want to know more about how to improve their diet. It describes a healthy diet that may benefit men who want to help prevent prostate cancer or who have already been diagnosed. It discusses the various food types and why they are important. It does not recommend a fixed diet but instead suggests how to make sensible changes to ensure you are eating healthily. This page does not cover eating problems caused by prostate cancer or its treatment. For information on this, ask your doctor to refer you to a State Registered Dietitian or call our free and confidential Helpline on 0800 074 8383.
- Why should I improve my diet?
- How can I make changes to my diet?
- What is a healthy diet?
- Which foods may affect my risk of prostate cancer?
- Fruit and vegetables
- A rainbow of colours
- Cruciferous vegetables
- Antioxidants
- Selenium
- Vitamin E
- Lycopene
- Green tea
- Calcium and diary products
- Protein
- Meat
- Fat
- Zinc
- Soy
- Pulses and whole grain foods
- Storing and cooking food
- Tips for buying and storing food
- What can I do to reduce my risk of prostate cancer?
- Links
Why should I improve my diet?
There are several factors that can increase your risk of getting prostate cancer. These include increasing age, an African Caribbean background, a family history of prostate cancer and diet. You cannot alter most of these risk factors; however one thing you can control is your diet. By improving your diet, you can take control over your own health and actively do something to improve it. This will also have other health benefits such as reducing your risk of heart disease and diabetes. Research is emerging which suggests that some foods not only help to prevent prostate cancer 1, but may also slow down the growth of prostate cancer in men who already have the disease or reduce the chance of prostate cancer returning after treatment. 2,3
The Western diet
Westerners have higher rates of prostate cancer than people living in Far Eastern countries such as China and Japan. However, prostate cancer rates have increased in men who have migrated from Japan to the USA. 4 Researchers think that this may be due to the Western diet. This view is supported by the fact that cancer rates have been increasing in Eastern countries since more people have begun to eat more Western foods. Over the last 50 years, the British diet has included less fruit and vegetables and more saturated fats and meat products. This change may increase the risk of men developing prostate cancer over many years.
Prevention of prostate cancer
The exact link between diet and prostate cancer is unclear. One of the reasons for this is because our diet is made up of so many different foods. Scientists have not yet identified all of the nutrients that are involved in protecting the body from cancer and those which may cause the disease.
Several studies have shown that eating certain foods may reduce your risk of developing prostate cancer, reduce the likelihood of prostate cancer coming back after treatment, or help slow down progression of the disease 1,2,3. More research is needed to support these findings before we can say for sure whether certain foods can benefit men worried about, or diagnosed with, prostate cancer. We also do not know whether changing your diet later on in life can prevent prostate cancer. However, by improving your diet your overall health will benefit and you will reduce your risk of developing health problems such as heart disease and diabetes and may protect against other cancers.
How can I make changes to my diet?
Finding reliable information on healthy eating can be an overwhelming and confusing task. This fact sheet suggests ways of making changes to your diet, which may reduce your risk of prostate cancer and improve your overall health. You may find it easier to stick to your new diet if you introduce small changes gradually and set yourself goals.
You must feel happy with your new diet. Eating meals with family and friends is an important part of every day life and changes to your diet should not reduce the pleasure of these social events.
Try to cut down on unhealthy foods but do not totally exclude whole groups of food from your diet. All food groups play a part in making sure you have a balanced diet. Cutting out one food group completely can make it difficult to get the right balance of nutrients that you need. In general, a diet that is good for your heart is also good for your prostate. Ask your doctor to refer you to a Registered Dietitian if you are making big changes to your diet or if you have any other medical conditions that could be affected by your diet.
What is a healthy diet?
The picture below shows the five main food groups and the proportions that you should aim to include in your diet.
For a healthy diet:
- Base your meals on starchy foods like potatoes, rice and pasta. Try wholegrain options such as wholemeal bread, wholewheat pasta and wholegrain breakfast cereals. These are high in fibre and also help you to feel full for longer.
- Eat at least five portions of fruit and vegetables each day.
- Include some protein, like fish, skinless chicken and pulses.
- Eat a low-fat diet
- Cut down on sugar. The healthy daily limit is 70 grams or 17 teaspoons. This includes sugar hidden in soft drinks and processed foods such as cakes and biscuits.
- Cut down on salt. Eat less than one and a quarter teaspoons each day and look out for hidden salt in processed foods. Try using herbs and spices to add flavour when cooking.
- Drink six to eight glasses of water each day. Avoid sugary or fizzy drinks.
You should be able to get all the nutrients you need by eating a balanced diet rather than taking supplements.5 Supplements may not contain all the beneficial nutrients that are found naturally in food and we do not fully understand the possible harm of taking supplements . Your doctor may recommend supplements in particular cases. For example they may advise you to take calcium supplements if you are on hormone therapy and you are not getting enough calcium from your diet.
A healthy weight
We do not yet fully understand how obesity affects the risk of prostate cancer but it may be linked to an increased risk of aggressive or advanced disease. 6,7,8 If you have been diagnosed with prostate cancer, being a healthy weight may also improve the likelihood of your treatment being successful. 8 Keeping to a healthy weight can reduce your risk of other health problems such as diabetes and heart disease.
You can measure your Body Mass Index (BMI) using the chart below. Mark your weight in stone or kilograms and draw a line from top to bottom. Then mark your height in feet or metres and draw a line from left to right. The point where your two lines cross will fall in one of the shaded areas, showing whether or not you are at a healthy weight for your height.
Use this chart together with your waist measurement. If your waist measures more than 102 centimetres (40 inches) you have a higher risk of health problems 9 .
Following a low fat diet and getting regular exercise will help you to lose weight gradually and healthily. Eat regular meals and remember to include five portions of fruit and vegetables each day. There is help available if you need it. You can ask your doctor to refer you to a dietitian or contact one of the organisations listed at the end of this fact sheet.
An active lifestyle
Try to include 30 minutes of exercise as part of your daily routine. All exercise protects against some cancers and other diseases. Recent research suggests that a high level of physical activity may help to reduce your risk of aggressive prostate cancer. 6
If you are taking LHRH agonists, a type of hormone therapy to treat prostate cancer, side effects can include putting on weight and bone thinning (osteoporosis). Regular exercise may help to keep you strong and prevent falls which could lead to bone fractures 10,11 . Exercise can also help you to maintain a healthy weight. For more information you can read our page on Hormone therapy.
Which foods may affect my risk of prostate cancer?
Fruit and vegetables
Eating five portions of fruit and vegetables a day reduces your risk of heart disease and other medical problems, including cancer 12. This includes fruit and vegetables that are fresh, frozen, tinned, dried or juices. One portion is roughly the size of the palm of your hand or 80 grams in weight. Scientists have not yet identified all of the nutrients which are involved in protecting the body against disease so try to eat fresh fruit and vegetables rather than taking supplements or food extracts, which may not contain all of the beneficial nutrients.
A rainbow of colours
Different fruit and vegetables contain different vitamins and minerals. Eating a wide range of coloured fruit and vegetables is a good way of increasing your intake of these vitamins and minerals. Try to include all of the different colours in your weekly diet.
| Red | Tomatoes, raspberries, watermelon, kidney beans, strawberries, red onions, radishes, red peppers |
| Purple | Aubergines, grapes, aduki beans, blueberries, red cabbage, plums |
| Orange | Carrots, oranges, mangoes, apricots, sweet potatoes, pumpkin, orange peppers, butternut squash |
| Yellow | Pineapples, sweetcorn, peaches, chicory, bananas, yellow peppers |
| Green | Spinach, broccoli, avocados, peas, pears, kiwi fruit, lettuce, green peppers, courgettes, marrows, fresh herbs, watercress |
Cruciferous vegetables
These vegetables belong to the cabbage family. They contain a chemical (called sulforaphane) which helps the body repair any damage done by cancer-causing substances. Examples include broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, bok choy and kale. Eating at least five portions of these vegetables each week may reduce your risk of getting prostate cancer 13 .
If you have prostate cancer, cruciferous vegetables will not reduce your risk of the cancer spreading. However, they are still important for your overall health and may reduce your risk of heart disease13.
Antioxidants
The body protects itself from outside invaders, like bacteria, by producing molecules called free radicals. If these free radicals get out of control, they can damage normal cells and tissues. They appear to be involved in various stages of the cancer process. Antioxidants mop up excess free radicals and therefore reduce the risk of cancer developing.
Sources of antioxidants that are thought to protect against prostate cancer include vitamins and minerals such as selenium and vitamin E, compounds such as lycopene and foods such as pomegranate juice and green tea. A good way to include antioxidants in your diet is to eat plenty of fruit and vegetables.
Selenium
One study has shown that men taking 200 micrograms of selenium each day were less likely to be diagnosed with prostate cancer than men who did not take selenium 14. This link is now being studied in a large trial involving 32,000 men. The results of this trial, known as the SELECT study (Selenium and vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial), are due in 2013. However, results so far suggest that selenium does not reduce your risk of prostate cancer. We need to wait until the end of the study for the full results.
Selenium is found in: nuts such as Brazil nuts; seeds such as pumpkin, sunflower and sesame seeds; bread; cereals; fish and chicken. However, falling levels of selenium in British soils has lead to a decrease in the selenium content of the food we grow.
Vitamin E
There is disagreement about the role of vitamin E in the prevention of prostate cancer. Some studies have shown a link between taking vitamin E supplements and a reduced risk of prostate cancer, whereas other studies have found no link. The findings of the SELECT study described above have so far shown that vitamin E does not protect you from getting prostate cancer. But we will have more answers when the study finishes in 2013.
- sunflower seeds
- hazelnuts and peanuts
- dark green leafy vegetables
- vegetable oils
- some breakfast cereals
It is better to get vitamin E from these natural sources rather than from supplements. If you choose to take supplements, taking more than 400 IU per day is not recommended as it may increase your risk of health problems 15. If you have diabetes or heart disease you should avoid taking vitamin E supplements because they can increase the risk of heart failure 16 .
Lycopene
The best known source of lycopene is tomatoes but it is also found in watermelons, pink grapefruits, guava and papaya. You may need to avoid grapefruit if you are taking drugs called statins to lower your cholesterol or drugs to treat erectile dysfunction 17. Ask your doctor or chemist for advice.
Lycopene supplements do not give the same protection against prostate cancer as lycopene-rich foods because the other nutrients in the food work together with the lycopene to protect the body.1
Processed and cooked tomatoes, for example tomato sauces, soups and pastes, appear to be a better source of lycopene than fresh tomatoes. Men who eat two servings or more of tomato sauce each week may reduce their risk of being diagnosed with prostate cancer by one third 18. We do not yet fully understand why tomato products such as tomato sauce are better than fresh tomatoes but it may be due to the cooking process releasing the lycopene and making it more easily available to the body.
Lycopene may also slow down the spread of prostate cancer in men who have already been diagnosed with the disease by increasing the rate at which cancer cells die 19 .
Green tea
Green tea contains powerful antioxidants, called polyphenols. Drinking green tea may protect against the development and growth of prostate cancer. However you may need to drink around six cups a day for the beneficial ingredients to have a significant protective effect. 1 This may sound like a lot but, if you want to include green tea in your diet, you may find it easier to drink it in place of your usual hot drinks throughout the day.
Calcium and diary products
You should be able to get all of the calcium you need from your everyday diet. If you choose to take supplements, stay within the recommended daily limit of 700mg a day. Studies have shown that men who consume a high level (more than 2000mg a day) of calcium from dairy products are at greater risk of getting prostate cancer. 20,21,6 You can get calcium from a wide variety of both dairy and non-dairy foods. The table below gives examples of foods that are good sources of calcium.
Semi-skimmed milk (200ml portion) |
|
Tinned sardines (100g portion) |
|
If you are on hormone therapy, it is important that you get enough calcium and vitamin D to prevent bone thinning (osteoporosis). Between 1000mg and 1500mg of calcium each day and between 400 to 800IU of vitamin D may help to keep your bones strong 22,23 . If you are concerned about this, you may like to speak to your doctor about suitable doses of supplements.
Protein
Your body needs protein to help it to grow and repair. The recommended amount of protein needed for a man under the age of 50 years is 56 grams a day and 53 grams for a man over the age of 50. A recent study showed that eating large amounts of protein from dairy products, such as cheese, may increase the risk of prostate cancer.20 Try choosing non-dairy sources of protein such as fish, nuts, beans and lentils.
Meat
Processed meat such as ham, bacon and sausages may increase your risk of prostate cancer 24,5. These meats often contain high levels of salt and nitrates which researchers think may be a factor in cancer risk. Try to cut down on this type of meat and if possible choose lean meat instead.
Some research also suggests that meat cooked at very high temperatures can increase your risk of prostate cancer 25. Scientists think that when meat is burnt or charred it may produce chemicals, called free radicals, which can damage normal cells.
Fat
When you eat fat your body breaks it down into smaller parts, uses what it needs and stores any remaining fat for future use. You need some fat for your body to function properly so you should aim for a low fat diet rather than a fat free diet. Too much fat in your diet can increase your risk of health problems such as heart disease. Think about the type of fats that you eat and try to replace saturated fats with foods that are rich in unsaturated fats. High levels of unhealthy saturated fat are found in food such as cakes, butter and meat products. Foods that are high in healthier unsaturated fat include nuts, oily fish, vegetable oil and olive oil.
We cannot say for certain whether reducing your overall fat intake can lower your risk of prostate cancer. Some studies have shown a link between fats found in red meat and dairy products and an increased risk of advanced prostate cancer 26,13. However, other studies found that eating fat or red meat does not affect your risk of prostate cancer.27,28 Some research suggests that fats in oily fish may lower your risk of prostate cancer and reduce the chances of cancer becoming advanced 1,13. Fish oil supplements do not appear to have the same benefit so aim to eat oily fish two or three times each week.
- Choosing tomato-based sauces instead of creamy ones.
- Replacing fatty snacks like crisps and biscuits with fruit.
- Avoiding processed meat and eating less red meat.
- Removing any skin from chicken or turkey.
- Using less fat in cooking. Grill, bake or steam food instead of frying.
- Choosing low-fat or fat-free milk, cheese and yoghurt or replacing these with dairy-free alternatives like soya or rice milk.
Zinc
Zinc is good for the immune system and is found naturally in red meat, chicken, seafood, nuts and dairy products. The recommended safe limit for zinc supplements is 25mg a day. However taking high doses, or taking supplements for several years, may increase your risk of prostate cancer29.
Soy
The low rates of prostate cancer in Asian men may be partly due to their soy-rich diet. However, there is uncertainty about whether eating soy can reduce the risk of prostate cancer and only one large study has so far shown a protective effect 30,31. Many new soy products are becoming available in most health food shops and supermarkets including soy milk, soy yoghurts, soy nuts and soy bread. If you decide to add soy to your diet, try to choose traditional forms such as tofu, miso and tempeh rather than processed products, such as burgers, which may be high in fat.
Pulses and whole grain foods
A few studies have shown that eating more pulses such as beans, peas and lentils may help to prevent prostate cancer. 32 Whole grain foods such as brown bread, whole grain cereals and pasta may also reduce your risk of getting several cancers, including prostate cancer 33.
Storing and cooking food
The way you store and cook your food is an important part of healthy eating. As soon as fruit and vegetables are picked, their vitamin and mineral content falls. However there are things you can do to make sure you are getting the most from your food.
Tips for buying and storing food:
- Buy fresh looking food.
- Look for locally grown food, and food that is in season. Less time will have passed since it was harvested.
- Avoid damaged fruit and vegetables as these will go mouldy more quickly.
- Store fruit and vegetables in a cool, dark place.
- Store raw and cooked meats separately.
- Throw mouldy food away. Do not just cut off the mould.
When cooking vegetables, steam, bake or lightly boil them rather than frying or roasting. Barbecued meat and fish may contain cancer-causing substances but you can reduce the risk by cooking at a lower temperature and cutting off any burnt pieces.
What can I do to reduce my risk of prostate cancer?
The table below summarises the information in this fact sheet. It suggests some foods that you may wish to eat more of or add to your diet. A healthy diet, together with regular exercise, will benefit your overall health and reduce your risk of several health problems including cancer, heart disease and diabetes.
| What should I eat more of? | What does it do? | How do I include it in my diet? |
| Fruit and vegetables | Reduces your risk of cancer and other medical problems | Eat at least five portions each day Try to include a ‘rainbow of colours’ in your diet |
| Cruciferous vegetables | May reduce your risk of getting prostate cancer | Eat more cabbage-like vegetables such as broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, bok choy and kale |
| Lycopene | May reduce your risk of prostate cancer and slow down its spread | Lycopene is found in tomatoes (particularly cooked and processed tomatoes), watermelon, pink grapefruit, guava and papaya |
| Green tea | May protect against development and growth of prostate cancer | Try drinking green tea in place of any hot drinks you have throughout the day |
| Oily fish | Fats in oily fish may help prevent prostate cancer developing and growing | Eat fresh, canned or frozen oily fish two or three times each week Examples of oily fish include sardines, pilchards, mackerel, salmon, tuna (fresh or frozen tuna only) and shrimp |
| Soy | May reduce the risk of prostate cancer | Choose traditional forms of soy such as tofu, miso and tempeh, available from supermarkets and health food shops |
| Pulses | May help to prevent prostate cancer | Include more beans, peas and lentils in your diet |
| Whole grains | May reduce your risk of several cancers, including prostate cancer | Whole grain foods include brown bread, whole grain cereals, whole grain pasta |
Links
The following organisations provide further information relevant to this page.
www.5aday.nhs.uk
This website from the Department of Health provides tips on how to include five portions of fruit and vegetables in your daily diet.
British Dietetic Association
www.bda.uk.com
For information on finding a state registered dietitian and following a healthy diet.
British Nutrition Foundation
www.nutrition.org.uk
Information on a healthy diet and how diet may be linked to cancer.
CancerHelpUK
www.cancerhelp.org.uk
Provides information about cancer and cancer care.
Food Standards Agency
www.food.gov.uk
An independent watchdog to protect the public’s health and consumer interests in relation to food. Also provides information about healthy eating.
Penny Brohn Cancer Care
www.pennybrohncancercare.org
Free healthy eating guidelines available from the website or helpline.
World Cancer Research Fund
www.wcrf-uk.org
Provides information on cancer and diet.
Reviewed by:
- Liz Butler, Senior Nutritional Therapist, Penny Brohn Cancer Care
- Frank Chinegwundoh, Consultant Urological Surgeon, Barts and the London NHS Trust and Newham University Hospital NHS Trust
- Saira Chowdhury, Acting Highly Specialist Oncology Dietitian, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust
- Lianne Coffey, Macmillan Specialist Dietitian, Queens Hospital, Romford
- Kathryn Parr, Oncology Dietitian, Clatterbridge Centre for Oncology NHS Foundation Trust
- The Prostate Cancer Charity Support & Information Specialist Nurses
- The Prostate Cancer Charity Information Volunteers
Written and edited by:
The Prostate Cancer Charity Information Team
Sources used in the compilation of this page
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